Variación anatómica de la vía biliar tipo F de Blumgart / Anatomical variation of Blumgart´s F type bile duct / Variacão anatômica do ducto biliar do tipo F de Blumgart

Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 40 años portadora de litiasis biliar sintomática que se operó de coordinación por abordaje laparoscópico

Metastatic gallbladder carcinoma presenting as an ovarian mass

Metastatic gallbladder carcinoma to the ovaries is occasional but a recognized entity. It can mimic, clinical and morphologically, a primary ovarian tumor, challenging the diagnosis. We present the case of a patient with a lump in the hypogastrium extending into the right iliac fossa and was found to have abdominopelvic cystic lesion with enhancing solid components and multiple sub-centimetric and ill-defined abdominal lymph nodes. Also, subpleural and parenchymal nodules in the lungs were present. She subsequently underwent a laparotomy. Cholecystectomy was also done due to pre-existing symptomatic biliary lithiasis. The histologic report described the ovarian involvement as metastases from a gallbladder carcinoma. The presentation of ovarian metastases can challenge the diagnosis. Hence, careful evaluation of the digestive tract and judicious use of immunohistochemistry should be considered in patients presenting with ovarian masses.

Complete gallbladder duplication: seventh report in world literature

Gallbladder duplication results from a rare abnormality of embriogenesis and is twice as common in women as in men. The signs and symptoms of double gallbladder cholecystitis are the same as those of single gallbladder cholecystitis: strong pain in the epigastric region and right hypochondrium, which may irradiate to the back and be accompanied by nausea and/or vomiting, Murphy positive sign, and pain on palpation of these regions; plastron may also be present. For this reason, many cases are still diagnosed intraoperatively, making surgery difficult and increasing the possibility of biliary tract injury. We report the case of a female patient with epigastric and dorsal pain for 4 days, which worsened with the ingestion of salty and fatty foods and was accompanied by nausea and vomiting. Physical examination showed a positive Murphy sign. A complete abdominal ultrasound examination showed gallbladder duplication, both lithiasic. Magnetic resonance cholangiography confirmed the duplication of the gallbladder and cystic ducts, with a single main biliary tract and acute lithiasic cholecystitis in both gallbladders. A laparoscopic cholecystectomy of both vesicles was performed without complications, and the patient was discharged 3 days after the procedure. (AU)

Agenesia de la Vesícula Biliar asociada a pancreatitis aguda recurrente. Presentación de caso / Gall bladder agenesis associated with recurrent acute pancreatitis. Case presentation

Introducción: La Agenesia de la Vesícula Biliar es una anomalía congénita rara, entre 13 y 65 por ciento por cada 100 000 habitantes. Su asociación con pancreatitis aguda es extremadamente rara. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de Agenesia de la Vesícula Biliar asociada a pancreatitis aguda recurrente. Presentación del caso: Se presenta una mujer de 85 años, con antecedentes de litiasis vesicular por ultrasonido (US), y crisis de dolor abdominal, vómitos e hipotensión frecuentes, a quien remitían con tratamiento médico. Acudió al hospital con dolor abdominal, vómitos e hipotensión. Al examen físico se constató: dolor epigástrico, sin reacción peritoneal ni tumor palpable. El US informó vesícula no visible. En menos de 24 horas evolucionó con shock, disfunción múltiple de órganos y muerte. En la necropsia se encontró Agenesia de la Vesícula Biliar (AVB) y pancreatitis aguda necrotizante. Conclusiones: La AVB es una anomalía congénita rara, de difícil diagnóstico preoperatorio, por lo que casi siempre es un hallazgo de la cirugía abdominal o en la autopsia. Su asociación con pancreatitis aguda es rara. La pancreatitis puede ser debida a Disfunción del Esfínter de Oddi o de origen idiopático(AU)

Introduction: Gallbladder agenesis (GA) is a rare congenital anomaly, with a reported incidence ranging between 13-65 percent a 100 000 population. Its association with acute pancreatitis is extremely rare. Objective: To present a case of GA associated with recurrent acute pancreatitis. Case Presentation: We present an 85 years old woman whose clinical record reported a bladder stonediagnosis by US, that arrive to the hospital with frequent episodes of intermittent vomiting, abdominal pain and hypotension. She was admitted at hospital with upper abdominal pain, vomiting and hypotension. At the physical examination the abdomen was soft, with mild epigastric tenderness, without tenderness rebound or tumor. US report gallbladder not visible. In less than 24 hours the patient evolved with shock, multiple organ failure and death. Gallbladder agenesis and acute pancreatitis were found in autopsy. Conclusions: The GA is a rare congenital anomaly, difficult to establish a correct preoperative diagnosis, always found during the abdominal surgery or autopsy. Its association with acute pancreatitis is very uncommon. Pancreatitis may be due to of Oddi Sphincter's Dysfunction (SOD) or idiopathic origin(AU)

Duplicación de la vesícula biliar / Gallbladder duplication

Gallbladder duplication is a rare congenital anomaly and, like other biliary malformations, is associated with an increased risk of complications in the laparoscopic cholecystectomy We present a case of a woman consulting in the emergency department for clinical symptoms compatible with acute cholecystitis. An abdominal ultrasound is performed confirming the clinical suspicions, observing the typical findings. Pathological dilatation of the extrahepatic biliary tract is also confirmed, therefore she is evaluated with MR cholangiography, which also confirms signs compatible with acute cholecystitis; the presence of a cystic formation of saccular morphology in an intrahepatic location was identified, with the same structure as the gallbladder, but smaller in size and with a duct of its own that drained into the common hepatic duct independently to the cystic duct of the inflamed vesicle.

La duplicación de la vesícula biliar es una anomalía del desarrollo poco frecuente, y al igual que otras malformaciones de la vía biliar, se asocia a un mayor riesgo de complicaciones en la colecis-tectomía laparoscópica. Se presenta un caso de una mujer que consulta en el servicio de urgencia por cuadro clínico compatible con colecistitis aguda. Se realiza una ecografía abdominal que confirma la presunción clínica, observándose los hallazgos típicos. Se constata además dilatación patológica de la vía biliar extrahepática, por lo que se evalúa con colangiorresonancia, que además de confirmar los signos compatibles con la colecistitis aguda, se identificó la presencia de una formación quística de morfología sacular en situación intrahepática, de igual morfología que la vesícula biliar, pero de menor tamaño y con un conducto propio que drenaba al conducto hepático común en forma independiente al conducto cístico de la vesícula inflamada.

Agenesia de vesícula biliar: presentación de caso y revisión de la literatura / Gallbladder agenesis: case report and a literature review

La agenesia de vesícula biliar es una enfermedad rara cuya sintomatología emula patología biliar. Está presente entre el 0,007 al 0,027% de aquellos en quienes se practica una colecistectomía. Luego de la misma, su evolución es asintomática. Se presenta el caso de una paciente femenina de 19 años con cuadro clínico compatible con colelitiasis. La ecografía revela vesícula escleroatrófica. Se realizó colecistectomía electiva, sin hallarse vesícula biliar. Tanto en el posoperatorio, como en el seguimiento anual, el curso fue asintomático. Además, se realizó una revisión de casos a partir de publicaciones de casos clínicos obtenidos de Medline. Catorce pacientes fueron incluidos en la revisión de casos, comparándose con otros cinco estudiados en una serie de casos. No existió diferencia significativa entre ambos grupos. La agenesia de vesícula biliar se presenta comúnmente entre los 40 y 64 años, con dolor en cuadrante superior derecho y diagnóstico ecográfico de colelitiasis. Es poco probable llegar a un diagnóstico preoperatorio. De intervenirse, es preferible limitarse a la exploración laparoscópica. La evolución ulterior será asintomática, sin estar claro aún el por qué.

Gallbladder agenesis is a rare disease, which its symptomatology emulates biliary pathology. It is presented between 0.007 to 0.027% of those patients in whom a cholecystectomy is performed. After it, its evolution is asymptomatic. We present the case of a 19 years old female patient with clinical presentationof cholelithiasis. Ultrasound reveals scleroatrophic vesicle. Elective cholecystectomy was performed,but the gallbladder was not found. The patient presented an asymptomatic evolution in the postoperative period and in the annual follow-up. In addition, we performed a case review from clinical case reports obtained from Medline. Fourteen patients were included in the review of cases, compared to another five studied in a series of cases. There was no significant difference between the two groups. Gallbladder agenesis usually happens between 40 and 64 years, with pain in the upper right quadrant and ultrasound diagnosis of cholelithiasis. It is unlikely to reach a preoperative diagnosis. If it is intervened, it is preferable to limit to laparoscopic examination. The following evolution will be asymptomatic, althoughthe cause of it is not known yet.

Agenesia del lóbulo hepático derecho asociado a agenesia vesicular / Agenesis of the right hepatic lobe associated with gallbladder agenesis

Background: Anatomical abnormalities of the liver are rare and their association with gallbladder agenesis are even more uncommon. Case report: We report a 63 years old man complaining of jaundice, without pain or fever. A magnetic resonance imaging showed a right hepatic lobe agenesis associated with gallbladder agenesis. Jaundice subsided spontaneously.

Introducción: Las anomalías anatómicas del hígado son raras, la asociación a una agenesia vesicular es más infrecuente aún, siendo su diagnóstico generalmente un hallazgo. Caso clínico: Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 63 años que consulta por ictericia, sin dolor ni fiebre, al cual se le realiza diagnóstico por imagen con resonancia magnética de agenesia de lóbulo hepático derecho asociado a agenesia vesicular. Dado que el paciente no tiene litiasis biliar, se decide tratamiento médico.

A study on the anomalies of liver in the south Indian cadavers / Estudio sobre las anomalías del hígado en cadáveres del sur de India

Liver is the largest gland in the body and rarely shows variations in its lobes and fissures. We studied 55 Formalin-fixed livers for occurrence of abnormal shape, lobes, fissures and position of gall bladder. In 60 percent of cases the liver was normal. 40 percent livers showed one or the other variations. Additional lobes were found in 9.09 percent of cases. Additional fissure was found in 1.81 percent of cases. Presence of dumbbell shaped caudate lobe and presence of large papillary process was noted in 1.81 percent cases each. In 1.81 percent cases the fissure for ligamentum teres was absent or situated on the anterior surface of the liver. In 1.81 percent of cases each the liver was either extremely long or extremely flat. In 18.18 percent of the cases, the gall bladder was short and its fundus did not project beyond the inferior border of the liver. These findings may be useful for surgeons and radiologists.

El hígado es la glándula más grande del cuerpo y rara vez muestra variaciones en sus lóbulos y fisuras. Se estudiaron 55 hígados fijados en formalina para observar variaciones de su forma, lóbulos, fisuras y posición de la vesícula biliar. En el 60 por ciento de los casos, el hígado tuvo una forma normal. El 40 por ciento restante mostró alguna variante. Se encontraron lóbulos adicionales en el 9,09 por ciento de los casos. Una fisura adicional se encontró en 1,81 por ciento de los casos. La presencia de un lóbulo caudado en forma de mancuerna o reloj de arena, y la presencia de un gran proceso papilar se observó en el 1,81 por ciento de los casos, respectivamente. En 1,81 por ciento de los casos la fisura de ligamento redondo estaba ausente o situada en la superficie anterior del hígado. En 1,81 por ciento de los casos el hígado era muy largo o plana, respectivamente. En el 18,18 por ciento de los casos, la vesícula biliar fue corta y su fondo no se proyectó más allá del margen inferior del hígado. Estos resultados pueden ser útiles para cirujanos y radiólogos.

No siempre es colecistisis: engrosamientos parietales de la vesícula biliar / It is not always cholecystitis: wall thickening of the gallbladder

La colecistitis aguda es la causa más frecuente de engrosamiento parietal vesicular. No obstante no es la única entidad que puede presentar esta característica ecográfica. Se presentan entidades no biliares que producen por diversos mecanismos engrosamientos parietales focales o difusos de la vesícula biliar. En contadas ocasiones el diagnóstico puede ser complementado con un procedimiento tomográfico abdominal.

Vesícula biliar aberrante / Aberrant gall bladder

Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 65 años de edad, que ingresó en el Centro Nacional de Cirugía Endoscópica a causa de un dolor mantenido y sensación de pesadez debajo de la costilla derecha, además de trastornos dispépticos. Después de los estudios de laboratorio e imaginológicos, se diagnosticó la vesícula biliar ocupada por cálculos y con poco volumen. Durante la intervención quirúrgica se encontró un piocolecisto y otra vesícula de características normales en cara anterior del hígado. Por resultar una localización infrecuente y aberrante de la vesícula biliar, además de aparecer doble, se decide exponer las características clínicas y los resultados quirúrgicos de este caso a la comunidad científica nacional e internacional(AU)

This is the case of a patient aged 65 admitted in the National Center of Endoscopic Center due to a sustained pain and heaviness sensation under the right rib and also dyspeptic disorders. After the laboratory and imaging studies, authors diagnosed a gall bladder occupied by calculi and with a low volume. During surgical intervention there was noted a gall bladder and other gall bladder of normal features in the lower face of liver. Because it is a infrequent and aberrant location of the gall bladder, authors decide to show international and national scientific community the clinical features and the surgical results of this case(AU)

Agenesis of Gall Bladder: Its Emryological Basis and Clinical Significance.

Congenital absence of the gall bladder is a rare anomaly which may occur alone or with other malformations with incidence ranging from 0.01-0.05%. Awareness of this entity by clinicians and radiologists is essential because many of these patients present with biliary symptoms and have unnecessary operations. This presentation, coupled with the inability of standard abdominal ultrasonography to convincingly diagnose agenesis of the gallbladder, can put the surgeon in a diagnostic and intraoperative dilemma. Here we report a suspected case of chronic cholecystitis who underwent a laparoscopic cholecystectomy and was found to have a congenital absence of gall bladder and cystic duct. Standard pre-operative investigative modalities which were fallacious and misleading. The embryological basis and clinical significance have been discussed.

Vesícula biliar multiseptada: una anomalía congénita infrecuente / Multiseptate gallbladder: an unusual congenital anomaly

Multiseptate gallbladder is an extremely rare congenital anomaly characterized by the presence of multiple septa that divide the lumen of the gallbladder. Although some patients are asymptomatic and the anomaly is found incidentally, the most frequent clinical presentation is chronic pain in the right upper quadrant. Ultrasound is the imaging technique of choice for diagnosis, and cholangioMR is used mainly to rule out associated anomalies of the biliary tract. In this article we report the case of a patient with right upper quadrant pain of several years of evolution, where imaging through abdominal ultrasound and MRI allowed a confident diagnosis.

La vesícula biliar multiseptada es una anomalía congénita extremadamente rara, que se caracteriza por la presencia de múltiples septos que dividen la luz de la vesícula biliar. La forma más frecuente de presentación clínica es el dolor crónico en el cuadrante superior derecho, aunque algunos pacientes permanecen asintomáticos y se descubre de manera casual. La técnica de imagen de elección para su diagnóstico es la ecografía y se reserva la resonancia magnética y colangio-resonancia magnética para descartar anomalías asociadas de la vía biliar. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con dolor en hipocondrio derecho de varios años de evolución, a la que se le realizó una ecografía abdominal y posteriormente una resonancia magnética, identificando en ambas pruebas de imagen una vesícula biliar con múltiples septos finos dividiendo su luz.

Agenesia verdadeira de vesícula biliar: dificuldades no diagnóstico pré-operatório / Real agenesis gallbladder: problems in pre-operative diagnosing

Relata-se um caso de agenesia de vesícula. Paciente, 33 anos, feminino, com dor tipo cólica em hipocôndrio direito, há 3 anos. Baseado na história e no exame de ultrassonografia (US) de abdome, que evidenciou presença de imagens ecogênicas com sombra acústica posterior na topografia da vesícula biliar US, indicou-se a colecistectomia. Durante a laparotomia, notou-se a ausência completa da vesícula biliar em sua anatomia usual. No pós-operatório, foi solicitada uma tomografia computadorizada (TC) de abdome, relatando ausência de vesícula biliar. Essa anomalia é rara e de difícil diagnóstico clínico, com sintomatologia semelhante à colelitíase em até 50% dos casos. Apesar dos avançosdos métodos de imagem para diagnóstico de doenças gastrointestinais, o diagnóstico de agenesia de vesícula ainda é por laparotomia, o que justificam os esforços para implementar métodos diagnósticos pré-operatórios de maior sensibilidade.

The authors report a case-agenesis of vesicle. Patient, 33 years, female, with pain type colic hypochondrium right, for 3 years. Based on history and examination, the ultrasound (US) of the abdomen showed presenceof echogenic images with acoustic shadow later in the topography of gallbladder US, indicating the cholecystectomy. During laparotomy, has been noted complete absence of gallbladder in its anatomy routine. At postoperative was requested a computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen, reporting absence of gallbladder. This anomaly is rare and difficult clinical diagnosis, with similar symptom to cholelithiasis in up to 50% of cases. Despite the progress of imaging methods for diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases, the diagnosis of agenesis of vesicle is still by laparotomy, which justifying efforts to implement diagnostic methods pre-op for greater sensitivity.

Duplicación de la vesícula biliar: vesícula doble de tipo Y operada: reporte de un caso / Gallbladder duplication: report of one case

The duplication of the gallbladder is a rare malformation, seen in one every 3.000 necropsies. It is detected preoperatively by abdominal ultrasound. We report a 28 years old female consulting for abdominal pain. An abdominal ultrasound showed the presence of cholelithiasis and a complete septum in the gallbladder lumen. During surgery, a distended and inflamed gallbladder was found with a septum that divided it in two parts, and one biliary stone. There was also a double cystic duct. The pathological study confirmed the gallbladder duplication with inflammation.

La patología de la vesícula biliar (VB) ocupa un lugar importante en nuestro país. Las anomalías congénitas más frecuentes incluyen alteraciones en los conductos biliares, arteria cística e infrecuentemente duplicaciones de la VB, con una incidencia de 1 en 3.000-4.000 autopsias. Esta anomalía congénita puede ser detectada preoperatoriamente por estudios imagenológicos, principalmente ecotomografía, siendo en el pasado un hallazgo quirúrgico. El diagnóstico diferencial de la duplicación vesicular incluye la vesícula con fondo plegado o gorro frigio, divertículos vesiculares, quistes de las vías biliares extra-hepáticas y la vesícula bilobulada o septada. Comunicamos el caso de una duplicación vesicular de tipo Y, en una mujer con diagnóstico ecotomográfico, la cual fue operada de forma clásica.

Ectopic partial intrahepatic gall bladder with cholelithiasis--a rare anomaly.

The study was aimed to view the developmental anomalies of gall bladder (GB) in Nepalese cadavers. Forty GBs were studied for any anomalies during routine cadaveric dissection at the Department of Anatomy, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Nepal. The study found that the congenital anomalies of GB are very rare. Only one case of ectopic partial intrahepatic GB with cholelithiasis was observed, which to our knowledge is the first reported case in Nepal. Awareness of GB anomalies is important to surgeons, radiologists, and clinicians in general. An ectopic partial intrahepatic GB can make cholecystectomy hazardous, when indicated.

Vesícula biliar doble: reporte de un caso / Double gallbladder: a case report

Se presenta caso clínico de vesícula biliar doble en paciente femenina de 68 años quien consulta por presentar clínica de colecistitis aguda; el procedimiento quirúrgico se inicia por vía laparoscópica y ante la imposibilidad de identificación de estructuras anatómicas es convertido a cirugía convencional abierta donde se evidencia vesícula biliar doble, cada una de las cuales desembocaba en un conducto cístico separado, ambas con signos de inflamación aguda; una de ellas con múltiples cálculos; la otra, acalculosa, con un pólipo mayor de 1 cm en su interior. El estudio anatomopatológico reportó colecistitis crónica, colecistitis aguda severa y pólipo necrótico, respectivamente. La vesícula biliar doble es una variante anatómica poco frecuente la cual puede ser diagnosticada preoperatoriamente por imaginología y cuyo abordaje laparoscópico resulta exitoso.

We present a case of double gallbladder in a 68 year old female patient with diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. The procedure was converted to conventional open surgery due to difficult identification of biliary tract structures. In the laparotomy we found a double gallbladder with independent cystic duct. In one of gallbladder there was a cholelythiasis and a one centimetre in diameter polyp in the second one. The pathology study concluded acute cholecystitis and necrotic polyp. The double gallbladder is a very unusual anatomic variant. The preoperative diagnosis is based on imagenology and the laparoscopic approach is safe and effective in some cases.

Duplicação da vesícula biliar / Double gallbladder

A duplicação da vesícula biliar é uma anomalia congênita rara, com prevalência, em autópsias, de aproximadamente 1:4.000 (1). A ultra-sonografia é atualmente o método de diagnóstico por imagem de escolha para a investigação de alterações da vesícula. Várias alterações podem simular a duplicação da vesícula biliar durante uma investigação pela ultra-sonografia, incluindo cisto de colédoco, vesícula em barrete frígio, divertículo de vesícula, adenomiomatose focal, septações, vasos aberrantes, má rotação intestinal associada a bridas de Ladd e coleções líquidas perivesiculares (2-4). Apresentamos mais um caso e uma revisão da literatura